The doctrine that the content of the conclusion of a deductively valid argument is included in the content of its premises, taken jointly, is a familiar one. It has important consequences for the question of what value valid arguments possess, since it indicates the poverty of three traditional answers: that arguments may and should be used as instruments of persuasion, that they may and should be used as instruments of justification; and that they may and should be used to advance knowledge. The truth is, however, that in each of these cases the argument has only a managerial role and, if there is any work done, it is the premises that do it. It will be maintained that this point has little force against the critical rationalist answer, which I shall defend, that the principal purpose of deductive reasoning from an assemblage of premises is the exploration of their content, facilitating their criticism and rejection. That said, the main aim of the present paper is not to promote critical rationalism but to consider some published objections to the doctrine that a statement asserts every statement that is validly deducible from it. The alleged counterexamples to be considered fall roughly into two groups: statements that emerge with time from a rich mathematical or empirical theory, but were originally unformulated and are deducible from the theory only in a non-trivial way (Frederick 2011, 2014; Williamson 2012); and statements, notably disjunctions, that are easily formulated and are deducible from a theory in a trivial way (Schurz & Weingartner 1987; Mura 1990, 2008; Gemes 1994; Yablo 2014). Each of these counterexamples will be evaluated and dismissed.

Purpose: To evaluate colostrum total protein differences between left and right breasts and between mothers of boy and girl infants.Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study for delivery was carried out on 30 boy-delivered and 30 girl-delivered mothers aged 16 to 36 years, conducted at the Izadi and Al-Zahra Hospitals in Qom city, Iran. Colostrum was collected from both breasts by manual milking within the first day of delivery. Total protein concentration was assessed by Biuret method using affiliated kits. The data was analyzed through the student’s t-test using the SPSS program.Results: Colostrum total protein was significantly higher in the left (166.9±13.1 mg/ml) and right (165.3±14.7 mg/ml) breasts of the boy-delivered mothers than in the left (144.8±4.1 mg/ ml) and right (122.7.3±7.4 mg/ml) breasts of the girl-delivered ones. It was also significantly higher in the left breast than the right breast in the girl-delivered mothers. However, there was no significant difference between the two breast colostrum total protein levels in the boydelivered mothers.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that total protein of colostrum in the boydelivered mothers is greater than the girl-delivered mothers.

Background: A cell requires energy to do its work. Mitochondria are the energy-producing machines of the cell. Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane cause a proton leak from the intermembrane space to the matrix. Clearly, the changes in the proton gradient across the inner membrane affect ATP production. In this paper, the role of these proteins in different tissues as well as peripheral and central nervous tissues has been reviewed.Methods: This study has reviewed 63 publications explaining the various functions of UCPs in different tissues using PubMed, Elsevier, NCBI and EBSCO databases.Findings: Several studies have shown that UCPs, based on the type of tissue, change the cell activity.Conclusion: Studies related to UCPs roles in the nervous system are mostly restricted to the in-vitro situations; thus more investigation seems to be needed to reveal the UCPs actions in the in-vivo conditions of physiologic and pathologic studies. These studies potentially can open some new therapeutic strategies and hopes to cure neurodegenerative diseases.

A fild study was conducted at farm of Damavand in 2006 to find out the effects of different levels of nitrogen and potassium on oil and protein percent of canola(Brassica napus) . A randomized complete block deisgn experiment was carried out with four replication that consisted of ten levels the results indicated that this levels had significant effection on protein, oil and 1000 seed weight on %5 level. But on the grain yield had no significant effectt. Increasing the nitrogen and potassium levels protein percent increased, but increased between N250K150 and N250K100 levels was higher all different fertilizer levels. Intraction of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer changed on oil percent so with almost increase of N on N150K100 levels in maximum. Meanwhile different fertilizer levels on grain yield and 1000 seedweight on the N200K150 was maximum.

The best method for wheat planning and its food industrial usage is evaluation of its technological properties. For this purpose, the content and quality of protein, hardness degree and rheological characteristics in wheat are very important. In this study, five important wheat varieties of Iran (Alvand of Arak, Khorasan and Hamedan; Chamran of Ahvaz, Khorasan and Shiraz; Rooshan of Arak, Esfahan, Karaj and Yazd; Zagross of Ahvaz and Zarrine of Aurmieh) were evaluated for mentioned factors. The statistical results revealed, highest protein content (11%), protein quality (SDS= 33.67-35.67 mL), hardness degree (59.33-61%), in Rooshan of Karaj; Zagross of Ahvaz and Rooshan of Esfahan; Chamran of Khorasan and Zarrine of Aurmieh varieties, respectively. Based on the quality, the Rosshan of Karaj, Zagross of Ahvaz, Zarrine of Aurmieh, Rooshan of Yazd and Chamran of Khorasan, varieties were recognized for their farinograph and extensograph characteristics (water absorption 65.33%; dough development time 5.33 min; dough stability 19.33 min; mixing tolerance index 57.33 BU; valorimeter value 64.33 unit; maximum resistance to extension 450 BU; dough energy 100.3 Cm2 and extensibility 179 mm). In general, the qualitative varieties could be used for fermentative products (bread) and the others for production of biscuit, cake and cookie.

The reflectance spectrum of green leaves is considerably affected by their biochemical and biophysical properties. It is possible to extract biochemical information from a continuous vegetation spectrum produced using hyperspectral sensors. The numerous absorption features present in the vegetation spectrum carry a considerable amount of information related to the content and the structure of the leaves and stems. In the present study, we tried to introduce a method for relative quantification of vegetation leaves protein contents using EO-1 Hyperion datasets through an innovative index named PALI (Protein Absorption Lines Index). The results of applying PALI to AVIRIS data also showed its robustness. However, applying PALI index for Hyperion images can only show the vegetation leaves protein contents of a pixel relative to its neighboring pixels and not absolute values. Nonetheless, it is assumed that absolute measurements will be possible if one can calibrate this index with field data.